About 'vha home health care'|Web Resources for Veterans

Ｉｎ               ａ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ               ａｎｄ               ｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙ,               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｈｅｌｄ               ａｂｏｖｅ               ｅｖｅｒｙｔｈｉｎｇ               ｅｌｓｅ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｄｅａ               ｏｆ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｍａｒｋｅｔ               ａｎｄ               ｌａｓｓｅｉｚ-ｆａｉｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｐｕｔ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ,               ａ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｅ               ｅｓｔｅｅｍ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ,               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ'ｓ               ｃｏｌｏｒｅｄ               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ               '"               ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｌａｔｉｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               '"               ａｒｅ               ｆａｃｉｎｇ               ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｄａｉｌｙ,               ｉｆ               ｎｏｔ               ｈｏｕｒｌｙ               ｏｒ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｂｙ-ｔｈｅ-ｍｉｎｕｔｅ.

Ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ               ｈａｓ               ｄｉｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏ               ｈａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｖｅｒｔｌｙ               ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｏｒｙ               Ｊｉｍ               Ｃｒｏｗ               ｌａｗｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｄ               ｌｅｇａｌｉｚｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅ-ｓｐｏｎｓｏｒｅｄ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａｐａｒｔｈｅｉｄ,               ｂｕｔ               ｎｏｎｅｔｈｅｌｅｓｓ,               ｒａｃｉｓｍ               ｉｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ａｌｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ,               ｖｅｒｙ               ａｃｔｉｖｅ;               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｃｅ               ｒｉｏｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｌｏｓ               Ａｎｇｅｌｅｓ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｒａｃｉｓｍ               ｉｓ               ａｎ               ｅｖｅｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂａｒｅｌｙ               ｔｗｅｎｔｙ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｏｌｄ.

Ｉｎ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ａｓｐｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ,               ｒａｃｅ               ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｍｅｌｅｓｓｎｅｓｓ,               ｉｎｃａｒｃｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｔｏｒｔｕｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｏｒｅｓｔ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｉｔｉｚｅｎｓ               ａｒｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎｓ;               ｔｏｘｉｃ               ｗａｓｔｅ               ｉｓ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｄｕｍｐｅｄ               ｏｎ               Ｈｉｓｐａｎｉｃ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ;               ｉｎｎｏｃｅｎｔ               Ｍｉｄｄｌｅ               Ｅａｓｔｅｒｎｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               Ｍｕｓｌｉｍ               ａｔｔｉｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｌａｂｅｌｅｄ               ａｓ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｉｍｐｒｉｓｏｎｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ａｂｕｓｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ａｎｙ               ｒｉｇｈｔ               ｔｏ               ｄｕｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ;               ｍｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｉｓｏｎ               ｉｎｍａｔｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｂｌａｃｋｓ,               ａｌｌ               ｆａｃｔｓ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｙｉｎｇ               ｈｏｗ               ｒａｃｉｓｍ               ｉｓ               ｒｅａｌｌｙ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ               '"               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｅｖｅｎ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               Ｋｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               Ｍａｌｃｏｌｍ               Ｘ               ａｎｄ               Ｂｌａｃｋ               Ｐａｎｔｈｅｒｓ               '"               ａｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｅｓ               ｎｅｅｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｔｏｄａｙ               ａｎｄ               ａｓ               ｓｕｃｈ,               ｔｈｅｙ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｎｏｗ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｉｇｇｅｓｔ               ｆｏｃｕｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｎａｔｉｏｎｗｉｄｅ.

Ｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｍａｎｙ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｎｏｔ               ｒｅａｌｉｚｅ               ｉｔ,               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｅｖｅｒｙｗｈｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ.

Ｅｖｅｎ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               13ｔｈ               ａｎｄ               14ｔｈ               Ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔ               ｗａｓ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｅｎｄｅｄ               ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｍｉｓｅｄ               ｅｑｕａｌ               ｒｉｇｈｔｓ               ｔｏ               ａｌｌ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｉｔｉｚｅｎｓ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｌｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｒａｃｅ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｈａｓ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ｓｔｒａｙｅｄ               ａｗａｙ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｒａｃｉｓｍ               ｅｎｏｕｇｈ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｖａｌｉｄａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｗ.Ｅ.Ｂ.

Ｄｕ               Ｂｏｉｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｌａｎｇｓｔｏｎ               Ｈｕｇｈｅｓ.

Ａｆｔｅｒ               ａｌｌ,               ｆｒｏｍ               ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ               ｃａｍｅ               ｓｈａｒｅ               ｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇ,               ｔｈｅｎ               ｅｘｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ,               ｂｕｄｇｅｔ               ｃｕｔｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ               ｏｃｃｕｐｉｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｒｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ＶＨＡ-ＦＨＡ               ｌｏａｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｒａｃｅ               ｂｕｔ               ｔｏ               ｗｈｉｔｅｓ,               ｃｒａｃｋｄｏｗｎ               ｏｎ               ｄｒｕｇ               ｕｓｅｒｓ               ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ               ｏｆ               ｄｒｕｇ               ｄｅａｌｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｓｕｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ'ｓ               ｐｒｉｓｏｎｓ               ａｒｅ               ｏｖｅｒｃｒｏｗｄｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｂｌａｃｋ               ａｎｄ               Ｈｉｓｐａｎｉｃ               ｙｏｕｔｈｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｎｏｗ,               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｏｆ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｐｒｏｆｉｌｉｎｇ.

Ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｉｒｔｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ               ｍｏｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ,               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｉｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｇｕｉｌｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ               ｔｏｗａｒｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｌｏｒｅｄ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ.

Ａｓ               ａ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｇ               ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｃｙ,               ｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ               ｉｓ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｕｎａｃｃｅｐｔａｂｌｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｏ,               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｕｎｂｅａｒａｂｌｅ.
               Ｗｈａｔ'ｓ               ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｕｎｂｅａｒａｂｌｅ               ｉｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｒｅｍａｉｎｓ               ｕｎｓｏｌｖｅｄ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｔｏｄａｙ.

Ｖｅｒｙ               ｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ,               ｏｎ               Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ               13,               2006,               Ｅｒｒｏｌ               Ｌｏｕｉｓ               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ａｎ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               47ｔｈ               ｐａｇｅ               ｏｆ               Ｄａｉｌｙ               Ｎｅｗｓ               ｔｉｔｌｅｄ               "Ｓｔｏｐ               Ｒａｃｉａｌ               Ｓｔｅｅｒｉｎｇ,"               ｄｉｓｇｕｓｔｅｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇ               ｙｅｔ               ｉｇｎｏｒｅｄ               (ｂｙ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ)               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ-ｄａｙ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ.

Ｈｅ               ｓｈｏｗｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｗ               ｒｅａｌ               ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ａｇｅｎｔｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               "ｉｌｌｅｇａｌｌｙ               ｕｓ[ｉｎｇ]               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｅｔｈｎｉｃ               ｃｒｉｔｅｒｉａ               ｔｏ               ｓｔｅｅｒ               ｈｏｍｅｂｕｙｅｒｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｍｏｎｏｃｈｒｏｍｅ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ,"               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｕｓ               ｐｅｒｐｅｔｕａｔｉｎｇ               ｓｅｇｒｅｇａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ.

Ｌｏｕｉｓ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｇｉｖｅｓ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｓｅｇｒｅｇａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｄ               ｓｐａｔｉａｌ               ｍｉｓｍａｔｃｈ               ｉｎ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               Ｃｉｔｙ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｒａｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｓｅｇｒｅｇａｔｅｄ               ｃｉｔｙ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ａｆｔｅｒ               Ｄｅｔｒｏｉｔ               ａｎｄ               Ｍｉｌｗａｕｋｅｅ.

Ｌｏｕｉｓ               ｔａｌｋｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｒｃｏｒａｎ               Ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｏｏｋｌｙｎ               Ｈｅｉｇｈｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｏｒｙ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ               ｓｅｅｍ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃｉｚｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｍｉｎｄｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｓｈａｎｎａ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               "ｏｕｔ-ｏｆ-ｔｏｗｎ               ｇｒｏｕｐ"               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｆａｉｒ               Ｈｏｕｓｉｎｇ               Ａｌｌｉａｎｃｅ.

Ｌｏｕｉｓ'ｓ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｓｈｏｗｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｈａｓ               ｓｅｅｐｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｖｉｒｔｕａｌｌｙ               ａｌｌ               ａｓｐｅｃｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｌｉｆｅ,               ｎｏｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ               ａｄｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ,               ｂｕｔ               ａｌｓｏ               ｉｎ               ｈｏｕｓｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔｓ.
               Ｊｕｓｔ               ａ               ｗｅｅｋ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               Ｌｏｕｉｓ               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ,               ｏｎ               Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ               5,               2006,               Ｂｏｂ               Ｈｅｒｂｅｒｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｄｉｔｏｒｉａｌ               ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｔｈｅ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               Ｔｉｍｅｓ               (ｐｇ.

29)               ｃｏｎｃｅｄｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｈｉｓ               746-ｗｏｒｄ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               "Ｐｏｏｒ,               Ｂｌａｃｋ,               ａｎｄ               Ｄｕｍｐｅｄ               ｏｎ."               Ｈｅｒｂｅｒｔ               ｉｓ               ｅｎｒａｇｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｅｒｒｉｂｌｅ               ｉｌｌｎｅｓｓｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｅｍａｔｕｒｅ               ｄｅａｔｈｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｏｒ               ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ｉｎ               Ａｌａｂａｍａ               ｉｓ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｌａｒｇｅｌｙ               ｉｇｎｏｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ.

Ｔｈｕｓ               ａｎｇｅｒｅｄ,               ｈｅ               ｗｒｉｔｅｓ               ａｓ               ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ａｓ               ｈｅ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｙ               ｃａｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｌａｃｋ               ｗａｓｔｅ               ｆｉｅｌｄｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ,               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ａｎｎｉｓｔｏｎ,               Ａｌａｂａｍａ               ｔｏ               Ｅｍｅｌｌｅ,               Ａｌａｂａｍａ,               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｉｎｇ               ｈｏｗ               ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ               ｐｌａｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｆａｃｔｏｒｉｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｄｕｍｐｉｎｇ               "ＰＣＢｓ,               ｆｕｒａｎｓ,               ｈｅａｖｙ               ｍｅｔａｌｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｒａｃｅ               ａｍｏｕｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｍｕｓｔａｒｄ               ｇａｓ               ａｇｅｎｔｓ"               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｎｅｉｇｈｂｏｒｈｏｏｄｓ.

Ｅｖｅｎ               ａｆｔｅｒ               70               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｈｕｍａｎ               ｒｉｇｈｔｓ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ               Ｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ               ｆｏｒ               Ａｌｌ               Ｔｏｕｒ"               ｔｏ               ｒａｉｓｅ               ａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｎｃｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅａｔｈｓ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               30'ｓ               ａｎｄ               20'ｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｃａｕｇｈｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａｖｅｒａｇｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ.
               Ａｔ               ｔｈｉｓ,               Ｈｅｒｂｅｒｔ               ｗｒｉｔｅｓ:
               "Ｔｈｅ               ｔｏｕｒ               ｗａｓ               ｅｎｔｈｕｓｉａｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ａｔ               ｅａｃｈ               ｓｔｏｐ,               ｂｕｔ               ｇｏｔ               ｈａｒｄｌｙ               ａｎｙ               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｒｇｅｒ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｓｓａｇｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｓｔｒｕｇｇｌｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｈｉｄｅｏｕｓ               ｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｃｌｅａｒｅｒ:               ｗｅ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅａｓｔ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｙｏｕ."
               Ｉｓ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｒｅａｌｌｙ               ａｐａｔｈｅｔｉｃ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｎ               ｉｎｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ               ａｓ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｓｋｉｎ               ｃｏｌｏｒ?

Ｊｕｄｇｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅｓｅ,               ｎｏｔ               ｔｏ               ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｇａｌｌｙ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｏｆ               Ｊｉｍ               Ｃｒｏｗ               ｌａｗｓ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｆｉｆｔｙ               ｏｒ               ｓｏ               ｙｅａｒ               ａｇｏ,               ｉｔ               ｓｕｒｅ               ｓｅｅｍｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗａｙ.
               Ｔｏ               Ａｌａｎ               Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ,               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｍａｙ               ｎｏｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｄｅｎｉｅｄ               ｈｉｍ               ｈｏｕｓｉｎｇ               ｏｒ               ｄｕｍｐｅｄ               ＰＣＢ'ｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｅａｃｈ               ｂｌｏｏｄ               ｓｔｒｅａｍ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｔ               ｉｍｐｒｉｓｏｎｅｄ               ｈｉｍ               ｆｏｒ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｈａｌｆ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｌｉｆｅ.

Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               "Ｍｅｔｒｏｐｏｌｉｔａｎ"               ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               Ｔｉｍｅｓ               Ｊｅｆｆ               Ｖａｎｄａｍ               ｗｒｉｔｅｓ,               "Ａｌａｎ               Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ               ｈａｓ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｉｎｎｏｃｅｎｔ.

Ｎｏｗ               ａｆｔｅｒ               22               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｂｅｈｉｎｄ               ｂａｒｓ,               ｈｅ               ｉｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｆｒｅｅ."               Ｖａｎｄａｍ'ｓ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               "Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ,               ａ               Ｌｉｆｅ               Ｒｅｓｕｍｅｄ"               ｉｓ               ｎｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃｉｚｉｎｇ               ｌｉｋｅ               Ｌｏｕｉｓ'ｓ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｎｏｒ               ｉｎｄｉｇｎａｎｔ               ｌｉｋｅ               Ｈｅｒｂｅｒｔ'ｓ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ               ｉｓ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｈｏｐｅｆｕｌ               ｔｏｎｅ,               ｄｅｌｖｉｎｇ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｆｏｒｇｉｖｉｎｇ               ｍｉｎｄ               ｏｆ               Ａｌａｎ               Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ.

Ｖａｎｄａｍ               ｓｈｏｗｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ａｎｇｒｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｉｎｎｏｃｅｎｃｅ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｄｏｕｂｔｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｗｅｎｔｙ-ｔｗｏ               ｙｅａｒｓ,               ｈｅ               ｉｓ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｗｏｒｒｉｅｄ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｈｉｓ               ａｄｊｕｓｔｍｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｓ               ｌｉｆｅ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｊａｉｌ               ｔｈａｎ               ａ               ｖｅｎｄｅｔｔａ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｒｏｎｇｅｄ               ｈｉｍ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ,               ｂｙ               ｄｏｉｎｇ               ｔｈｉｓ,               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｈｉｄｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｒｇｅｒ               ｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ,               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｋｉｎ               ｃｏｌｏｒ               ｃａｎ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｆｒｉｅｎｄ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｏ               ｉｓ               ａｎ               ｅｎｅｍｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｕｒｔ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ.

Ａｆｔｅｒ               ａｌｌ,               ｗｈａｔ               ｈａｐｐｅｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ａ               ｒａｒｅ               ｅｖｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｂｕｔ               ａ               ｈｉｄｄｅｎ               ｆａｃｔ,               ａ               ｒｅｃｕｒｒｉｎｇ               ｐａｔｔｅｒｎ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｉｇｎｏｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｍｅｄｉａ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｄｏｎｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ.
               Ｓｏ               ｗｈａｔ               ｄｏ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｒａｃｉｓｍ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｕｒ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ?

Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｉａｎ               Ｕｒｂｉｎａ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ               27,               2006               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               Ｔｉｍｅｓ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               "Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｓ               Ｆｅａｒ               Ｄｉｓｉｌｌｕｓｉｏｎｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               Ｂｌａｃｋ               Ｖｏｔｅｒｓ,"               ｉｔ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ａ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇ               ｓｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｌｕｃｔａｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｄｉｓｔｒｕｓｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｅｍｂｅｄｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｅｖｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｖｏｔｉｎｇ.

Ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ｂｅｅｎ               "ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｔｏ               ａｃｔｕａｌ               ｃｏｎｓｐｉｒａｃｉｅｓ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ,"               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｎａｔｉｖｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｎｏｗ               ｄｏ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｒｕｓｔ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｒ               ａｎｙ               ｋｉｎｄ               ｏｆ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙ,               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｏ               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｂｅ               ｗｈｉｔｅ.

Ｕｒｂｉｎａ               ｓｈｏｗｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｅｎｔｉｍｅｎｔ               ｂｙ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ               ａｎ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｂｌａｃｋ               ａｎｄ               Ｈｉｓｐａｎｉｃ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ.

Ｈｅ               ｗｒｉｔｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｉｎ               2004               15%               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ｈａｄ               ｌｉｔｔｌｅ               ｏｒ               ｎｏ               ｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｏｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ,               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅ               ｈａｓ               ｎｏｗ               ｒｉｓｅｎ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               29%.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｕｎｕｓｕａｌ,               Ｕｒｂｉｎａ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ,               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｓｔ               ｓｈｅｎａｎｉｇａｎｓ               ｉｎ               Ｆｌｏｒｉｄａ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               Ｏｈｉｏ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｉｎｇ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｂｌａｃｋ               ａｎｄ               Ｈｉｓｐａｎｉｃ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｓｔ               ｄｅｃａｄｅ.

Ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ               ｄｏ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｒｕｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               '"               ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｇｉｖｅｓ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｖｉｒｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｒｅａｌ               ｖｏｉｃｅ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ               '"               ｔｈｅｎ               ｈｏｗ               ｃａｎ               ａｎｙｏｎｅ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｏｐｐｒｅｓｓｅｄ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｒｕｓｔ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ,               ｅｖｅｎ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ?

Ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ               ｐｌｉｇｈｔｓ,               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｉｎａｄｅｑｕａｔｅ               ｉｎ               ａｄｄｒｅｓｓｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｉｅｖａｎｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｄｅｐｒｉｖｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｄｉｓｅｎｆｒａｎｃｈｉｓｅｄ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ.
               Ｅｖｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｌｍ               ｏｆ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ,               ｒａｃｉｓｍ               ｈａｓ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｗａｙ               ｔｏ               ｍａｎｉｆｅｓｔ               ｉｔｓｅｌｆ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               Ｅｕｒｏｃｅｎｔｒｉｓｍ.

Ｈａｌｌ               ｐｏｉｎｔｓ               ｏｕｔ               ａ               ｐａｓｓａｇｅ               ｉｎ               Ｚａｓｔｒｏｗ'ｓ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｔｅｘｔｂｏｏｋ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｓｔａｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｔａｔｕｓ               ｈｉｅｒａｒｃｈｙ               ｉｎ               Ｐｕｅｒｔｏ               Ｒｉｃｏ               ｓｔａｔｕｓ               ｉｓ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ               ｏｒ               ｃｌａｓｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｓｋｉｎ               ｃｏｌｏｒ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ,               ｌｉｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               Ｐｕｅｒｔｏ               Ｒｉｃｏ               ｈａｓ               ｌａｒｇｅｌｙ               ｒｅｖｏｌｖｅｄ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｋｉｎ               ｃｏｌｏｒ               (Ｈａｌｌ,               2005).

Ｈａｌｌ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃｉｚｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒａｃｅ               ｉｓ               ｍｅｒｅｌｙ               ｓｅｅｎ               ａｓ               ａ               ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ               ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔ               ｂｙ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｏｆ               Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ               ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ,               ａｎｄ               ａｓ               ｓｕｃｈ,               ｒａｃｅ               ｉｓ               ｄｉｓｍｉｓｓｅｄ               ａｓ               ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｌｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｉｇｎｏｒｅｄ.

Ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ,               "ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｋｉｎ               ｃｏｌｏｒ               ｈａｓ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｒｉｇｏｒｏｕｓ               ｄｅｂａｔｅ               ｂｙ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｏｒｓ,               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｉｔ               ｄｏｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｃｏｎｆｏｒｍ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｓ               ｏｆ               Ｅｕｒｏｃｅｎｔｒｉｃ               ｉｄｅａｌｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ"               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｕｓ,               "ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔｕａｌ               ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｋｉｎ               ｃｏｌｏｒ               ｌｉｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ,               ｓｕｉｃｉｄｅ,               ｅｔｃ.

ｉｓ               ｔｈｅｎ               ａｌｉｅｎａｔｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ"               (ｐｇ.

102).

Ｈａｌｌ,               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｉｒａｃｉａｌ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｉｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｏｒｓ'               Ｅｕｒｏｃｅｎｔｒｉｃ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｓ,               ａｒｇｕｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｈｅａｌｔｈ               ｏｆ               ｂｉｒａｃｉａｌ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ,               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｓｔｒｅｓｓ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ               ｒａｃｅ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ               ｍｏｄｅｌｓ,               ｏｎｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｍｅｒｅｌｙ               ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅ               ｐａｓｓｉｖｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｕｎｃｏｎｓｃｉｏｕｓ               ａｓｓｉｍｉｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ               ｉｄｅａｌｓ.

Ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｐｕｔ,               ｒａｃｅ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｌｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｅａｓｉｌｙ               ｄｉｓｍｉｓｓｅｄ               ｂｕｔ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｍａｎｉｆｅｓｔ               ｉｔｓｅｌｆ               ｉｎ               ａｌｌ               ａｓｐｅｃｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ,               ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｒａｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ               ｅｖｉｄｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ,               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ.
               Ｈａｌｌ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒａｃｅ               ｉｓ               ａｎ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ               ｉｎ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ,               "ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ,               ｔｈｅｎ               ａｎ               ａｃｔｉｖｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ａｃｑｕｉｒｉｎｇ,               ａｓｓｅｓｓｉｎｇ,               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇ               ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ"               (ｐｇ.

110).

Ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               Ｅｕｒｏｃｅｎｔｒｉｓｍ               ｒｅｍａｉｎ               ｉｎ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,               ｔｈｅｎ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｓｅｅｍ               ａｒｒｏｇａｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｅｌｉｔｉｓｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｒｖｅ.

Ｈａｌｌ,               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｆａｉｌｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ               ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ               (ｖｉｅｗｉｎｇ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ               ａｓ               ａ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ａｄａｐｔａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ａｄｊｕｓｔｍｅｎｔ)               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               "ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｚ[ａｔｉｏｎ]               ｆｒｏｍ               ｂｉｒｔｈ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｏｒｍａｌｃｙ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ               --               .

Ｔｏ               ｒｅｊｅｃｔ               ｓｔｉｇｍａｔｉｚｅｄ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ,               ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｉｎｇ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ"               (ｐｇ.

106),               ｂｉｒａｃｉａｌ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ,               ｉｓ               ｒｉｇｈｔ               ｉｎ               ａｒｇｕｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ａｎ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄｅｌｖｅｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ               ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｅｍｐｏｗｅｒｓ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｈｏ               ａｒｅ               ｃｏｎｆｕｓｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ａｒｅ               ｓｔｉｇｍａｔｉｚｅｄ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ,               ｍｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｌｉｅｎｔｅｌｅ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｌｏｒ.

Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ'ｓ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｎｅｓｓ               ｓｔａｒｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｉｔｓ               ｒｅｃｒｕｉｔｍｅｎｔ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｉｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｉｓ               ｔａｉｎｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｅｕｒｏｃｅｎｔｒｉｓｍ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｅｌｙ               ｇｏ               ｗｒｏｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｂｉｇｇｅｒ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ,               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｏ               ｔｅａｃｈ               ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｒａｃｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ,               ｂｕｔ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｌｙ,               ｈｏｗ               ｔｏ               ｒｅａｃｈ               ｏｕｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｖｉｃｔｉｍｉｚｅｄ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ.

Ｏｎｅ               ｗａｙ               ｔｏ               ａｎｓｗｅｒ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｅｖａｌｕａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｉｎｇ               ｉｔｓ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｎｅｓｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｅｒｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｏｉｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｔｓ               ｒｅｃｉｅｐｉｅｎｔｓ.

Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               2002               ｖｏｌｕｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｗｏｒｋ,               ｆｏｕｒ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ               ｄｉｄ               ｅｘａｃｔｌｙ               ｔｈａｔ,               ｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｏｉｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｉｔｓｅｌｆ               ｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｖｏｉｃｅｓ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｌｏｒ               ａｒｅ               ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ               ｏｖｅｒｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ,               ａｓ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ａｒｅ               ａｂｏｕｔ               25               ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               30               ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ-ｂａｓｅｄ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ               ａｎｄ               26               ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｊｕｖｅｎｉｌｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｆａｃｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ               (Ｋｒｕｚｉｃｈ;               Ｆｒｉｅｓｅｎ;               Ｗｉｌｌａｉｍｓ-Ｍｕｒｐｈｙ;               Ｌｏｎｇｌｅｙ,               2002).

Ｅｘｐｌｏｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｖｉｅｗｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｄｏｕｂｔｆｕｌ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ               ｔｈａｎ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ａｎｙ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｒａｃｅ,               ｗｏｒｒｉｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｐｕｎｉｓｈｅｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               ａｃｃｏｍｍｏｄａｔｅｄ,               ｔｅｒｒｉｆｉｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｋｉｄｓ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｔｈｅｍ               ａｓ               ｄｉｓｃａｒｄｅｄ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ,               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ'               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｂｅ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｔｏ               ｗｈｉｔｅ               ｂｕｔ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｌａｃｋｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｆｒｕｓｔｒａｔｅｄ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｖｉｓｉｔａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｈｏｕｒｓ               ｗａｓ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ'ｓ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｍ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗａｓ               ｕｎｆａｉｒ               ａｎｄ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｂｅ               ｆｕｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｂｕｌｌｓｈｉｔ.

Ｂｌａｃｋ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍａｄ               ａｔ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｔａｆｆ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｎａｃｃｕｒａｔｅ               ｄｉａｇｎｏｓｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｏｒｙ               ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ'ｓ               ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓ               ｒｅｖｅａｌ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｂｌａｃｋ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｓ,               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｃａｎ               ａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｂｅ               ｄｅｔｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ               ｏｆ               ｈｅｌｐｉｎｇ.

Ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｏ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｉｓｔｒｕｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ               '"               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ               '"               ａｎ               ｕｎｉｎｔｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｏｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｏｖｅｒｌｏｏｋｉｎｇ               ｃａｎ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｉｎ               ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｏｒｙ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｌｉｅｎａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｉｎ               ｒｅａｃｈｉｎｇ               ｏｕｔ               ｔｏ               ａｎｄ               ｅｍｐｏｗｅｒｉｎｇ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｌｙ               ｒｅｍｉｎｄ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎｅｇｒｏ               ｃａｕｓｅ,               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ,               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｐａｒｔｈｅｉｄ,               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｌｙｎｃｈｉｎｇｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｂｕｒｎｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ,               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｅｒｓｅｃｕｔｉｏｎ               ｖｉａ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｅ               ｈｙｄｒａｎｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆａｉｌｅｄ               ｒａｃｅ               ｒｉｏｔｓ.

Ｉｆ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｅｎｏｕｇｈ,               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅａｒ               ｉｎ               ｍｉｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｓ               ｌａｔｅ               ａｓ               1996,               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ａｎ               ｅｐｉｄｅｍｉｃ               ｏｆ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｒｓｏｎ               ｉｎ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈａｓ               ｉｍｐａｃｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ               ｍｅｎｔａｌｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｏ,               ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ               (Ｃａｒｔｅｒ,               1998).

Ｃａｒｔｅｒ               ｎｏｔｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｈｅｒ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               "Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               Ｂｕｒｎｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ:               Ｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｆｏｒ               Ｅｍｐｏｗｅｒｍｅｎｔ               Ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ"               ｔｈａｔ               ｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.

Ｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ               Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ               28               ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔｓ               [ｏｆ               ｂｌａｃｋ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｒｓｏｎ]               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               17               ｍｏｎｔｈｓ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               Ｍａｙ               1996"               (ｐｇ.

62)               ｉｓ               ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｔｏ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｌｙ               ｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｍｐｏｗｅｒｍｅｎｔ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ               ｆｏｒ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ.

Ａｆｔｅｒ               ｓｈｏｗｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ               ｉｍｐａｃｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ｂｕｒｎｉｎｇｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ,               Ｃａｒｔｅｒ               ｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               "ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               [ｓｉｃ]               ｔｈａｔ               --               .

ｃｈｕｒｃｈｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｌ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｄａｉｌｙ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ,               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｒｓｏｎ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ"               ａｎｄ               "ｔｈｅｙ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ,               ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ,               ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ｂｕｒｎｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｍａｎｎｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｒｅａｄｔｈ               ｏｆ               ｌｏｓｓｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐａｒｉｓｈｉｏｎｅｒｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｉｎｃｕｒｒｅｄ               ｂｕｔ               ａｌｓｏ               ｔｏ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ"               (ｐｇ,               66).
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｋｉｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ,               ｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ａｌｓｏ               ｂｅ               ｅｘｔｅｎｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｌｏｒ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ.

Ｍｅｒｃｅｒ'ｓ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｄｅａｌｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｖａｊｏ               ｅｌｄｅｒｌｙ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｉｎｇ               ｎｕｒｓｉｎｇ               ｈｏｍｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｉｓｏｌａｔｅｄ               ｒｅｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｖａｊｏ               ｌｉｖｅ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｄｅｓｅｒｔ               ｌａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｐａｎｓ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               25,000               ｓｑｕａｒｅ               ｍｉｌｅｓ,               ｌｉｖｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｓ               ｒｅｆｅｒｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａｓ               "ｅｘｔｅｎｄｅｄ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｃａｍｐｓ,"               ｔｒｙｉｎｇ               ａｓ               ｂｅｓｔ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃａｎ               ｔｏ               ｅｎｊｏｙ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｌｉｆｅｓｔｙｌｅ               (Ｍｅｒｃｅｒ,               1996).

Ｓｏ               ｉｓｏｌａｔｅｄ               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               "ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｉｎｇ               ｉｎ-ｈｏｍｅ               ｃａｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ               ｉｓ               ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ"               (ｐｇ.

184)               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｕｓ               "ｍｏｓｔ               ｅｌｄｅｒｌｙ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ               ｎｕｒｓｉｎｇ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｃａｒｅ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｌｅａｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ.

Ａｂｏｕｔ               4,600               ｅｌｄｅｒｌｙ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎｓ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅ               ｉｎ               ｎｏｎ-Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｎｕｒｓｉｎｇ               ｈｏｍｅｓ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｒａｒｅｌｙ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｓｔａｆｆ,               ｓｅｒｖｅ               ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｆｏｏｄｓ,               ｏｒ               ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅ               ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｃｕｓｔｏｍｓ"               (181).

Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｓｔ               ｔｗｏ               ｐａｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ,               Ｍｅｒｃｅｒ               ｇｉｖｅｓ               ａ               ｃａｓｅ-ｂｙ-ｃａｓｅ               ｖｉｇｎｅｔｔｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｖａｊｏ               ｅｌｄｅｒｌｙ               ｗｈｏ               ｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｇｅｔ               ｎｕｒｓｉｎｇ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｃａｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｄ               ｒａｎｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔｅｄ               ｓｕｉｃｉｄｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ａｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ａｄｊｕｓｔ               ｔｏ               ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｄｅｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｉｌｌ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｂａｒｅｌｙ               ａｄｅｑｕａｔｅ               ｃａｒｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｋｉｎ.

Ｍｅｒｃｅｒ               ｓｈｏｗｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｄｏｎｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ,               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｓ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｅｄ               ｅｖｅｒ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｈｉｔｅ               ｒａｃｅ               ｈａｓ               ｅｍｂａｒｋｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｈｏｒｅｓ.
               Ｗｈｉｌｅ               Ｍｅｒｃｅｒ'ｓ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ａｉｍｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｉｃ               ｇｏａｌ               ｏｆ               "ｃｏｎｖｅｙ[ｉｎｇ]               ｔｈｅ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               ｍｉｎｄｆｕｌｎｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ｌｉｓｔｅｎｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ａｎｄ               ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｃｌｉｅｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇ               ｗａｙｓ               ｔｏ               ａｃｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ,"               ｍｙ               ｆｉｎａｌ               ｐａｐｅｒ               ｉｎｔｅｎｄｓ               ｔｏ               ｇｉｖｅ               ａ               ｄｅｅｐｅｒ               ｓｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｕｒｇｅｎｃｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓｓｕｅ,               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｈｏｐｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｄｒｅｓｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｒｏｎｇｓ               ｄｏｎｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｏ-ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ｇｒｅａｔ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｒａｃｅ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｈｕｍｏｎｇｏｕｓ               ｉｓｓｕｅ,               ｆｏｒ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｈｏｍｅｌｅｓｓ,               ｉｎｃａｒｃｅｒａｔｅｄ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｒａｐｐｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｇｈｅｔｔｏｓ;               ｆｏｒ               Ｌａｔｉｎ-Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｕｎｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄ,               ｕｎｄｅｒｐａｉｄ,               ａｎｄ               ｆｏｒｃｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｓｈｉｔ               ｊｏｂｓ;               ｆｏｒ               Ｍｉｄｄｌｅ               Ｅａｓｔｅｒｎｅｒｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               Ｙａｓｅｒ               Ｅｓａｍ               Ｈａｄｉｍ               ｄｅｔａｉｎｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｎｏ               ｒｅａｓｏｎ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｌａｂｅｌｅｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ;               ｆｏｒ               Ｎａｔｉｖｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｎｅａｒｌｙ               ｅｘｔｉｎｃｔ,               ｄｅｐｒｉｖｅｄ               (ｒｏｂｂｅｄ               ａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ)               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｌａｎｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｗａｙ               ｏｆ               ｌｉｆｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕａｌｌｙ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ.

Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍｕｓｔ               ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｇｒｉｅｖａｎｃｅｓ,               ｏｎｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ｔｈｅｙ'ｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｄｅｎｉｅｄ               ｏｆ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｏ               ｌｏｎｇ,               ｆｏｒ               ｔｏｏ               ｌｏｎｇ.
               Ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｓｔｅｐ               ｉｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｄｒｅｓｓ               ｉｓ               ｉｎ               ａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎ.

Ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｓｓａｇｅ               ｏｆ               Ｍｕｌｔｉｅｔｈｎｉｃ               Ｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔ               Ａｃｔ               (ＭＥＰＡ)               ｏｆ               1994               '"               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗａｓ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｂｌａｃｋ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｗｈｏ               ａｒｅ               ａｄｏｐｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ａｍｏｕｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｓｐｅｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｃａｒｅ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎ               (Ｂｒｏｏｋｓ;               Ｂａｒｔｈ;               Ｂｕｓｓｉｅｒｅ;               Ｐａｔｔｅｒｓｏｎ,               1999)               '"               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｃａｎ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.

ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｆｏｓｔｅｒ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ               ｂｙ               Ｂｒｏｏｋｓ,               ｅｔ.

ａｌ               ｒａｉｓｅｓ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｏｆ               ｍａｔｃｈｉｎｇ               ｆｏｓｔｅｒ               ｐａｒｅｎｔｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｌｏｒ               ｉｎ               ｆｏｓｔｅｒ               ｈｏｍｅｓ.

Ｉｔ               ａｄｄｒｅｓｓｅｓ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｃｋ               ｏｆ               ｃｌａｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ＭＥＰＡ               ａｎｄ               ｌａｃｋ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｏｒ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ｂｕｔ               ｎｏｎｅｔｈｅｌｅｓｓ               ｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ               ｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌｓ,               ａｇｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅｎｅｓｓ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｃｒｕｉｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｔａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｌｏｒ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｗｈｉｔｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｎｇ               ｃｈｉｌｄ               ｗｅｌｆａｒｅ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ,               ｆｏｓｔｅｒ               ｃａｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ               ｃａｎ               ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｖｅｌｙ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ａ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ａ               ｎｅｗ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｔｔｅｒ               ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｔｕｒｉｎｇ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｌｏｒ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ               ｏｒ               ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎ               ｍａｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｂｏｌｓｔｅｒ               ｏｒ               ｄｉｓｒｕｐｔ               ａ               ｌｉｆｅ.

               Ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               ａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｏｕｇｈ,               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｃｅ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓ               ｌｏｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｌｏｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｏｔｓ               ｏｆ               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｅｆｆｏｒｔｓ.

Ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｓｏ               ｅｍｂｅｄｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｔ               ｎｏｗ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓ               ａ               ｈｕｇｅ               ｆｉｇｈｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｕｒｎ               ｂａｃｋ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｄｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ｎｅｖｅｒｔｈｅｌｅｓｓ,               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｙ               ｕｔｍｏｓｔ               ｈｏｐｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ,               ｃａｒｅｆｕｌｌｙ               ｔｒａｉｎｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｅｄ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ,               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｋｉｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｏｍｅｈｏｗ               ｒｅｄｕｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｖｅｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ.

Ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｓｅｇｒｅｇａｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｏｘｉｃ               ｗａｓｔｅ               ｄｕｍｐａｇｅ,               ｕｎｊｕｓｔ               ｉｎｃａｒｃｅｒａｔｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｍｕｌｔｉｅｔｈｎｉｃ               ａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎ,               Ｉ               ｈａｖｅ               ｆａｉｔｈ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ａｔｔｅｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｃｅｎｅ               ｔｏ               ｒｉｇｈｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｒｏｎｇｓ               ａｓ               ｂｅｓｔ               ａｓ               ｗｅ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｙ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｖｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｒｅａｌｌｙ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｌａｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙ,               ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｃｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ.
               Ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ
               ＮＥＷＳＰＡＰＥＲ               ＡＲＴＩＣＬＥＳ
               Ｈｅｒｂｅｒｔ,               Ｂｏｂ.

"Ｐｏｏｒ,               Ｂｌａｃｋ,               ａｎｄ               Ｄｕｍｐｅｄ               Ｏｎ."               Ｔｈｅ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               Ｔｉｍｅｓ.

Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ               5,               2006.

Ｌａｔｅ               Ｅｄｉｔｉｏｎ.

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ               Ａ;               Ｃｏｌｕｍｎ               1;               Ｅｄｉｔｏｒｉａｌ               Ｄｅｓｋ;               ｐｇ.

29.
               Ｌｏｕｉｓ,               Ｅｒｒｏｌ.

"Ｓｔｏｐ               Ｒａｃｉａｌ               Ｓｔｅｅｒｉｎｇ."               Ｄａｉｌｙ               Ｎｅｗｓ.

Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ               13,               2006.

Ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎｓ;               Ｏｎ               Ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ;               ｐｇ.

47.
               Ｕｒｂｉｎａ,               Ｉａｎ.

"Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｓ               Ｆｅａｒ               Ｄｉｓｉｌｌｕｓｉｏｎｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               Ｂｌａｃｋ               Ｖｏｔｅｒｓ."               Ｔｈｅ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               Ｔｉｍｅｓ.

Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ               27,               2006.

Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ               Ａ;               Ｃｏｌｕｍｎ               5;               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｄｅｓｋ;               ＴＨＥ               2006               ＣＡＭＡＩＧＮ;               ｐｇ               1.

               Ｖａｎｄａｍｎ,               Ｊｅｆｆ.

"Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ,               Ａ               Ｌｉｆｅ               Ｒｅｓｕｍｅｄ."               Ｔｈｅ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               Ｔｉｍｅｓ.

Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ               29,               2006.

ＣＹ               ｐｇｓ.

1,               10.
               ＳＯＣＩＡＬ               ＷＯＲＫ               ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬＳ
               Ｂｒｏｏｋｓ,               Ｄｅｖｏｎ;               Ｂａｒｔｈ,               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｐ.;               Ｂｕｓｓｉｅｒｅ,               Ａｌｉｃｅ;               Ｐａｔｔｅｒｓｏｎ,               Ｇｌｅｎｄｏｒａ.

"Ａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｒａｃｅ:               Ｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｕｌｔｉｅｔｈｎｉｃ               Ｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔ               Ａｃｔ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｅｔｈｎｉｃ               Ａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎ               Ｐｒｏｖｉｓｉｏｎｓ."               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｗｏｒｋ.

Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ:               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ,               1999.

Ｖｏｌ.

44;               #2;               ｐｇｓ.

167-177.
               Ｃａｒｔｅｒ,               Ｃａｒｏｌｙｎ               Ｓ.

"Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               Ｂｕｒｎｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ:               Ｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｆｏｒ               Ｅｍｐｏｗｅｒｍｅｎｔ               Ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ."               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｗｏｒｋ.

Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ:               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ,               1998.

Ｖｏｌ.

44;               #1;               ｐｇｓ.

62-67.
               Ｈａｌｌ,               Ｒｏｎａｌｄ               Ｅ.

"Ｅｕｒｏｃｅｎｔｒｉｓｍ               ｉｎ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｗｏｒｋ               Ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ:               Ｆｒｏｍ               Ｒａｃｅ               ｔｏ               Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ               Ａｃｒｏｓｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｌｉｆｅｓｐａｎ               ａｓ               Ｂｉｒａｃｉａｌ               Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ."               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｗｏｒｋ.

Ｅｄ:               Ｓｈａｄｏｗ,               Ｓｔｅｖｅｎ               Ｍ.

Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ:               Ｓａｇｅ               Ｐｕｂｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ,               2005.

Ｖｏｌ.

5;               #1;               ｐｇｓ.

101-111.
               Ｋｒｕｚｉｃｈ,               Ｊｅａｎ               Ｍ.;               Ｆｒｅｉｓｅｎ,               Ｂａｒｂａｒａ               Ｊ.;               Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ-Ｍｕｒｐｈｙ,               Ｔｒａｃｙ;               Ｌｏｎｇｌｅｙ,               Ｍ.Ｊ.

"Ｖｏｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ:               Ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ               ｏｎ               Ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               Ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ."               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｗｏｒｋ.

Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ:               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ,               2002.

Ｖｏｌ.

47;               #4;               ｐｇｓ.

461-468.
               Ｍｅｒｃｅｒ,               Ｓｕｓａｎ               Ｏ.

"Ｎａｖａｊｏ               Ｅｌｄｅｒｌｙ               Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｉｎ               ａ               Ｒｅｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ               Ｎｕｒｓｉｎｇ               Ｈｏｍｅ:               Ａｄｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ               Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｏｒｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ               Ｃａｒｅ               Ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ."               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｗｏｒｋ.

Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ:               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ,               1996.

Ｖｏｌ.

41;               #2;               ｐｇｓ.

181-188.

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About 'vha home health care'|Web Resources for Veterans

About 'vha home health care'|Web Resources for Veterans

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